On April 28, the lights went out across Spain and Portugal in what’s being called the worst blackout in their modern history. At precisely 12:33, a technical hiccup-still under investigation-plunged the Iberian Peninsula into darkness, halting trains, grounding planes, and even silencing mobile networks for hours.
While the exact cause is still being investigated, authorities have so far ruled out cyberattacks or sabotage. Instead, this incident has highlighted the vulnerabilities inherent in modern power grids, especially during periods of rapid energy transition. Analysing what happened offers a valuable opportunity to draw lessons not only for Europe as a whole, but also for the Netherlands in particular, as we continue to modernise our own energy infrastructure.
Let’s start with the positives. Despite the initial shock, communities came together in ways rarely seen in today’s fast-paced world. Neighbours checked on each other, volunteers directed traffic at darkened intersections, and local businesses offered free food and shelter to those stranded. In Lisbon, spontaneous street concerts lifted spirits, while in Madrid, residents organized flashlight-lit gatherings in city squares. The swift and coordinated response by emergency services, grid operators, and the public prevented catastrophe and showcased the resilience and unity of European societies.
However, the blackout also exposed deeper rifts. Certain political forces, especially on the far right, seized the opportunity to amplify mistrust and division. Spain’s far-right party Vox accused the government of hiding the true causes of the outage, fuelling conspiracy theories online and in parliament despite official transparency and calls for independent investigation. Misinformation spread rapidly, with some blaming foreign actors or government cover-ups, further polarizing public debate and undermining trust in institutions. The event became a stage for political point-scoring rather than collective problem-solving.
With the good and the bad, the Iberian blackout is a timely reminder for all of us to be prepared. Having an emergency pack at home-with essentials like water, non-perishable food, flashlights, and batteries-can make a big difference when the unexpected happens. Equally important is staying calm and relying only on trustworthy sources of information. In times of crisis, rumours and misinformation can spread quickly, increasing anxiety and confusion. By staying informed through official updates and supporting one another, we will be better prepared to face similar events that, unfortunately, are likely to occur in the near future.
Pablo del Hierro, associate professor in History